Social Studies Form 4

Subject: Social Studies

Teacher: Mrs. Jessel Williams - Walcott

Week 1 and 2: March 23^rd- March 29^th 2020

Subject: Social Studies

Forms: 4

Topic: Population

NB: We have already started the topic population; you are expected to complete the following readings during week 1 (March 16^th -22^nd) and complete the exercise which follows during week 2 (March 23^rd -29^th)

CHARACTERISTICS OF A POPULATION

1)      Has a size-shows the total number of people living in a particular area

2)      A sex ratio - shows number on females in proportion to males consisting of males and female

3)      It has a religious composition- Eg. Christians, Muslims, Hindus

4)      It has an ethnic composition- Eg. Africans

5)      Occupational Composition

TERMS RELATED TO POPULATION

Stable population: this a population in which the age sex distribution remains unchanged over a period of time

Stationery population: this is a population whose size rein unchanged over a period of time

Optimum: this a situation where a population yields the highest output per head, given the country’s land and capital

Crude birth rate: This refers to the number of live births per 1000 persons in a population within a given year

Formula for crude birth rate:

Number of live births x 1000

________________________

Mid-year population

Factors which affects birth rate. Fertility/ levels

·         Religious beliefs

·         Family planning awareness

·         Standard of living

·         The number of jobs available for women (increased educational opportunities) 

·         Education levels of the population

Crude death rate: this refers to the number of deaths per 1000 in a population within a year

Natural increase: this is the increase in population brought about when the birth rate exceeds the death rate

Formula for crude death rate:

Number of deaths x 1000

________________________

Mid-year population

Infant mortality rate: this refers to the annual number of deaths per 1000 infants (under the age of one) in the population

Factors which lower death rate

·         Early diagnosis of illness

·         Improved personal hygiene

·         Higher standard of nutrition or diet

·         Development and improvements in medicinal technology

·         Improved infrastructural facilities such as pipe water supplies and sewage disposal

Natural Increase: This refers to increase in the population brought about when birthrate exceeds death rate

Formula for natural increase: birth rate – death rate

LIFE EXPECTANCY

Life expectancy: This refers to the number of years that a newborn baby in a given population is expected to live

Factors affecting life expectancy:

·         Diet and nutrition

·         Availability and cost of medical care

·         Health and sanitation levels

·         Level of wages/ salary

·         Availability of jobs and dependency ratio

·         Availability of recreational facilities

·         Healthy life styles such as exercise and rest

·         Stress levels

·         Vaccinations

OVERPOPULATION

Overpopulation: this refers to a situation in which the resources in a given population is not enough to meet the need everyone

Causes of overpopulation:

1.      Lack of effective family planning method by families leading to high birth rate

2.      Lack of education policy on family planning by the government

3.      Inadequate land for housing

4.      Rapid decline in death rate due to immunization and improved medical care

Problems associated with overpopulation

·         Low standard of living

·         Low per capita income

·         High rate of illiteracy

·         High rate of malnutrition

·         High of unemployment and underemployment

·         Increase in population

·         Increase in crime like the selling of illegal drugs, murder, rape and robberies

·         Growth of slums

·         Diseases and poverty

·         Poor sanitation in overcrowded areas

Solutions to reduce overpopulation

·         Wise use of a county’s resources

·         Equitable distribution of income to benefit the lower class

·         Government Programs. Eg. Family life education

·         Increase in industries to create jobs

·         Use of effective family planning methods by families

·         An education system to cater for the needs of the society and industries

UNDERPOPULATION

Under population: This occur when a population is too all too small to make full use of its resources the resources could support a larger population

Causes of underpopulation

·         Wars resulting in deaths

·         Lack of jobs

·         Area is too distant from ports and markets

·         Inadequate social services like healthy, roads water and electricity

·         Lack of natural resources. eg. fertile soil, water, electricity

Reasons for the rapid increase of a country’s population

·         High annual birth rate

·         A decline infant mortality

·         An extended life expectancy on the elderly

·         High rate of immigration

·         Improvement in sanitation and health facilities

POPULATION DENSITY

Population density: this refers to the average number of persons living on every square kilometer in a country

Formula for population density:

  Total population

  ________________

         Total

Factors which affect population density

·         Climate: persons prefer to live in areas where the climate is hospitable areas that are too hot or too cold would much people living there

·         Availability of physical resources: many persons tend in live in areas where their availability of physical resources because these persons would prefer to live closer to their jobs eg. mining for bauxite

·         Physical features of land: persons often prefer to live on flat land instead of hilly areas. As a result, the flat areas will be highly populated than hilly areas

MIGRATION

Migration: This refers to the movement of people from one place to another to settle

The history of migration within the Caribbean

The Amerindian settled first in the Caribbean, the European followed. Later, the Africans were then brought to work as slaves. After the abolition of slavery, the immigrant workers were brought to the Caribbean.

FACTORS WHICH AFFECTS MIGRATION

Push factors: this refers to conditions which causes persons to leave a particular area

Pull factors: this refers to the conditions that attracts persons to a particular area

Push factors of migration

·         High cost of living

·         Political instability

·         Unemployed and low wages

·         Racial and religious discrimination

·         Natural disasters (earthquakes \ hurricane)

·         Poor educational, health, housing and recreational facilities

Pull factors of migration

·         High wages

·         Political stability

·         Low levels of crime

·         Attractive social security benefits

·         Employment opportunities are great

·         Technological advancement for recreation

·         Proper educational opportunities

ACTIVITY

1a) Define the term ‘life expectancy’

(b)State TWO factors that contribute to EACH of the following:

(i) An increase in life expectancy

(ii) An increase in population growth

(ci) Give THREE reasons why increasing educational opportunities for women in a developing country may lead to decline in fertility rates

(ii)Identify TWO factors which can cause a reduction in infant mortality.

(iii)Explain TWO factors which can cause an increase in life expectancy.

(d) Suggest TWO actions that government may takes to minimize the environmental effects of population growth. Justify your answer.

2a) Define EACH of the following

(i)                 Death rate

(ii)              Natural Increase

(iii)            Population density

bi) Describe TWO factors that may have caused the death rate to decline in some Caribbean countries in recent years

ii) How is population density calculated

iii) Identify ONE Caribbean country with high population density and ONE Caribbean country with low population density

iv) Explain THREE factors which may encourage people to settle in Town areas

v) Describe ONE way in which high population density is likely to affect the provision of services in a country

vi) Suggest THREE strategies that a government could take to encourage people to migrate to areas of low population density. Justify your response.

c) The following table shows the birth rate and death rate figures for TWO countries A and B.  Use the table to answer questions (c) (i)

COUNTRY	BIRTH RATE PER 000	DEATH RATE PER 000
A	21	6
B	15	7

i)                   Calculate the natural increase for countries A and B

ii)                 Describe TWO factors which may contribute to a rise in birthrate in a country

iii)               Give TWO reasons why a developing country should strive to reduce its high birthrate

iv)               Suggest to the government of your country ONE way it may encourage the citizens to have smaller families.  Justify your response.

3)

Many Caribbean nationals are migrating to European and North American Countries

Write an essay on the above issue. In your essay, define the terms migration. Then briefly explain the history of migration within the Caribbean. After, explain what is meant by the terms ‘push and pull factors of migration; explain TWO push and TWO pull factors of migration. Next, suggest to your government TWO strategies they may use to reduce the high number of persons leaving the country. Finally, suggest why EACH of the strategies you suggested will be successful.

Happy Working! BE SAFE!